Information and Communication Technology [2024-2025]
Topic outline
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Faculty of Letters and Languges
القسم: Department of Letters and English Language
المقياس: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) [2024-2025]
المستوى الدراسي : /Master One/Linguistics
اسم ولقب الأستاذ: Dr. Mohammed Djemoui SABER
البريد الإلكتروني: E-MAIL: mohammeddjemoui.saber@univ-msila.dz
السنة الجامعية: 2024 – 2025
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Forum
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The Different Parts of the Computer
I-Information Technology (IT)
https://gamma.app/docs/Introduction-to-Information-Technology-iepuufvqkhqms1m?mode=doc
II- Operating Systems
Operating systems are the software that most people use on personal and business computers. Here’s a look at the three main ones: Windows, macOS, and Linux.
1. Windows
o Windows 1.0 to 3.1 (1985-1992)
o Windows 95/98/ME
o Windows XP (2001)
o Windows Vista (2006)
o Windows 7 (2009)
o Windows 8/8.1 (2012/2013)
o Windows 10 (2015)
o Windows 11 (2021)
2. macOS
o Mac OS Classic (1984-2001)
o Mac OS X (2001)
o macOS: (2016, OS X)
§ Examples:
§ Monterey
§ Ventura
3. Linux
o Ubuntu
o Fedora
o Debian
o Other Distros:
III- Types of Software
Definition of Software
Categories of Software
1. System Software
Operating Systems (OS)
Windows (by Microsoft)
macOS (by Apple)
Linux
Utility Software:
Antivirus Software – (e.g., Norton, McAfee).
File Management Tools – (e.g., WinRAR, Disk Cleanup).
Device Drivers: (such as printers, sound cards, and video cards) necessitates its unique driver for optimal functioning.
2. Application Software
o Productivity Software:
§ Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
§ Google Workspace (Google Docs, Sheets)
o Graphics and Multimedia Software:
§ Adobe Photoshop for image editing
§ Final Cut Pro for video editing
o Communication Software:
§ Zoom for video conferencing
§ Slack for team communication
3. Programming Software
o Text Editors:
§ Notepad++
§ Sublime Text
o Integrated Development Environments (IDEs):
§ Visual Studio (by Microsoft) for various languages
§ PyCharm for Python development
o Compilers and Interpreters:
§ GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for languages like C and C++
§ Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for running Java applications
4. Database Software
o Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS):
§ MySQL – Open-source, commonly used in web applications
§ Oracle Database – Known for handling large-scale enterprise applications
o NoSQL Databases: Non-relational databases designed for flexibility with unstructured data. They’re optimized for big data applications.
§ MongoDB – Document-oriented NoSQL database
§ Cassandra – Designed for scalability and reliability across multiple servers
5. Embedded Software
o Automotive Systems
o Industrial Controllers
o IoT Devices
6. Web Browsers
o Popular Browsers:
§ Google Chrome – Known for speed and performance.
§ Mozilla Firefox – Open-source and privacy-focused.
§ Microsoft Edge – Integrated with Windows OS, providing efficiency and security.
7. Entertainment and Gaming Software
o Game Engines
§ Unity
§ Unreal Engine
o Media Streaming Software
§ Spotify
§ Netflix
8. Educational Software
o Learning Management Systems (LMS):
§ Canvas
§ Moodle .
o Language Learning and E-Learning Applications:
§ Duolingo
§ Khan Academy
9. Cloud Computing Software
o Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
§ Amazon Web Services (AWS)
§ Microsoft Azure
o Software as a Service (SaaS):
§ Salesforce – Customer relationship management (CRM) software.
§ Dropbox – Cloud storage service.
10. Open-Source Software
o Linux OS Variants
o Apache HTTP Server
o LibreOffice
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The objectives the course are as follows:
1) Information Technologies (IT) help ensure that students not only gain technical expertise but also develop the ability to apply IT solutions in diverse, real-world scenarios.
2) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) course are designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge needed to effectively use and understand technology in communication and information systems. ICT integrates both computing and telecommunications to enhance the ability to manage, store, transmit, and access information efficiently.
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Operating systems are the software that most people use on personal and business computers. Here’s a look at the three main ones: Windows, macOS, and Linux.
1. Windows
Windows, created by Microsoft, is the most widely used desktop operating system in the world. It has changed a lot since it was first introduced in 1985:
Windows 1.0 to 3.1 (1985-1992): These early versions were the first graphical interfaces for MS-DOS, primarily featuring windowed applications without true multitasking.
Windows 95/98/ME: Windows 95 brought the iconic Start menu, taskbar, and improved multitasking. Windows 98 refined the user experience, while Windows ME added multimedia features but was generally less stable.
Windows XP (2001): A game-changer for stability, user experience, and support for new technologies, XP was known for its longevity and is still remembered fondly.
Windows Vista (2006): Although it introduced major security features and aesthetic changes, Vista was often criticized for performance issues.
Windows 7 (2009): Building on Vista’s improvements, Windows 7 became one of the most beloved Windows versions due to its stability, performance, and user-friendly features.
Windows 8/8.1 (2012/2013): With a focus on touch interfaces, Windows 8 introduced the Start screen. However, it faced backlash for abandoning the classic Start menu, which 8.1 partially restored.
Windows 10 (2015): Combining the best of Windows 7 and 8, Windows 10 unified the interface across devices and emphasized regular updates instead of new OS releases. It remains highly popular today.
Windows 11 (2021): Windows 11 introduced a redesigned, centered Start menu, revamped design elements, and enhanced support for gaming and productivity. It also includes support for Android apps and better integration with touch and pen inputs.
Windows is the preferred operating system for businesses and supports many software types, including those for business, engineering, gaming, and design.
2. macOS
Apple’s macOS is known for its smooth, easy-to-use design and strong connection with other Apple devices like iPhones, iPads, and Macs. Here’s a quick look at how it has evolved:
Mac OS Classic (1984-2001): The original Macintosh operating system, starting with "System 1" through "Mac OS 9," introduced the graphical interface concept to personal computers.
Mac OS X (2001): With a UNIX-based core, OS X provided a stable foundation that introduced features like the Aqua interface and Dock. Versions of OS X have often been named after big cats (e.g., Leopard, Lion) and later California landmarks (e.g., Yosemite, Sierra).
macOS: In 2016, OS X was rebranded as macOS to align with Apple’s naming conventions for other OS platforms (iOS, watchOS, etc.). Recent macOS versions have focused on privacy, productivity, and integration features.
- Examples:
- Monterey: Brought new features like Universal Control, allowing a single mouse and keyboard to control multiple Apple devices seamlessly.
- Ventura: Introduced Stage Manager to help organize open apps and files for better multitasking.
- Examples:
macOS has a simple design, strong security, and connects well with other Apple devices, making it popular with creatives, developers, and Apple users.
3. Linux
Linux is unique because it’s open-source, meaning anyone can change and share it freely. It has different versions, called "distributions" or "distros," each made for specific uses. Here’s an overview of some major ones and the Linux system:
Ubuntu: One of the most popular Linux distros, Ubuntu is known for its ease of use and regular updates. It’s commonly used for desktops, servers, and IoT devices.
Fedora: A cutting-edge distro supported by Red Hat, Fedora is known for implementing new technologies quickly. It’s popular with developers and power users.
Debian: Known for its stability, Debian serves as the base for Ubuntu and is a popular choice for both servers and desktops. It values open-source software and tends to be conservative with updates, prioritizing stability.
Other Distros: Linux offers a vast selection of distros suited to different needs, from lightweight ones like Puppy Linux for older hardware to specialized options like Kali Linux for security professionals.
Linux is open-source, meaning anyone can modify and share it freely. This makes it highly customizable and backed by a strong community. It's widely used for servers because of its reliability, and its user-friendly versions make it a good choice for personal computers too.
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Definition of Software
Software is a form of technology that includes a wide array of applications, each designed to serve various functions and meet different user requirements. Below are the main categories of software, along with an examination of their distinct purposes, characteristics, and examples:
Categories of Software
1. System Software
System software establishes the basis for other software to operate and manages the essential functions of a computer or device. It consists of:
Operating Systems (OS): The most crucial form of system software, OS oversees hardware, software resources, and delivers shared services for application software. Notable examples include:
Windows (by Microsoft) – Prevalently used for both personal and business computing.
macOS (by Apple) – Renowned for its user-friendly design, primarily utilized on Apple products.
Linux – An open-source operating system appreciated by developers for its adaptability and customization options.
Utility Software: Helps in administering, analyzing, and enhancing a computer's performance. Examples consist of:
Antivirus Software – Guards against harmful software (e.g., Norton, McAfee).
File Management Tools – Aid in organizing files and storage (e.g., WinRAR, Disk Cleanup).
Device Drivers: Enable interaction between the operating system and hardware components. Every peripheral device (such as printers, sound cards, and video cards) necessitates its unique driver for optimal functioning.
2. Application Software
Application software, or end-user programs, enables users to accomplish specific tasks, from productivity to communication and entertainment. These are the tools people typically use daily.
- Productivity Software: Programs that support business or personal productivity tasks, such as document creation, data analysis, and presentations.
- Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
- Google Workspace (Google Docs, Sheets)
- Graphics and Multimedia Software: Allows users to create and manipulate images, audio, and video.
- Adobe Photoshop for image editing
- Final Cut Pro for video editing
- Communication Software: Applications designed to facilitate communication between users, whether through text, voice, or video.
- Zoom for video conferencing
- Slack for team communication
3. Programming Software
Programming software includes tools that developers use to create, debug, and maintain other software. These tools facilitate coding and provide a development environment for software creation.
Text Editors: Lightweight tools for writing and editing code, often with syntax highlighting.
- Notepad++
- Sublime Text
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Comprehensive environments with code editors, debuggers, and compilers, providing an all-in-one interface for software development.
- Visual Studio (by Microsoft) for various languages
- PyCharm for Python development
Compilers and Interpreters: These convert code written in programming languages into machine code that computers can execute.
- GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for languages like C and C++
- Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for running Java applications
4. Database Software
Database software is specialized to store, manage, and organize data in structured formats, making it easily retrievable, searchable, and secure.
- Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS): These use structured tables and SQL (Structured Query Language) for data management.
- MySQL – Open-source, commonly used in web applications
- Oracle Database – Known for handling large-scale enterprise applications
- NoSQL Databases: Non-relational databases designed for flexibility with unstructured data. They’re optimized for big data applications.
- MongoDB – Document-oriented NoSQL database
- Cassandra – Designed for scalability and reliability across multiple servers
5. Embedded Software
Embedded software is used to control devices that aren’t typically associated with computers, such as household appliances, automotive systems, and industrial machines. It’s optimized for specific hardware, often with constraints on memory and processing power.
- Automotive Systems: Embedded software manages infotainment, safety, and navigational systems in vehicles.
- Industrial Controllers: Used in factory automation and robotics for tasks like controlling machinery.
- IoT Devices: Found in smart home gadgets, wearables, and connected appliances.
6. Web Browsers
Web browsers enable users to access and navigate the internet. They interpret and display web content, including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, to provide interactive online experiences.
- Popular Browsers:
- Google Chrome – Known for speed and performance.
- Mozilla Firefox – Open-source and privacy-focused.
- Microsoft Edge – Integrated with Windows OS, providing efficiency and security.
7. Entertainment and Gaming Software
Entertainment software is used for recreational purposes, including digital games, virtual reality (VR) applications, and multimedia players.
Game Engines: Software frameworks used to develop video games.
- Unity – Popular for mobile and indie games.
- Unreal Engine – Known for creating realistic and immersive graphics.
Media Streaming Software: For streaming audio, video, and live broadcasts.
- Spotify – Audio streaming platform.
- Netflix – Video-on-demand platform.
8. Educational Software
Educational software includes programs used in e-learning and training environments. It helps facilitate online education, from simple courses to complex simulations.
Learning Management Systems (LMS): Platforms used to deliver, manage, and track online education.
- Canvas – Used in many schools and universities.
- Moodle – An open-source platform for building custom learning environments.
Language Learning and E-Learning Applications:
- Duolingo – Gamified language learning app.
- Khan Academy – Provides free educational resources across various subjects.
9. Cloud Computing Software
Cloud computing software provides virtual resources over the internet, enabling users to access storage, computing power, and services without relying on local infrastructure.
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.
- Amazon Web Services (AWS)
- Microsoft Azure
- Software as a Service (SaaS): Applications hosted in the cloud, accessible by subscription.
- Salesforce – Customer relationship management (CRM) software.
- Dropbox – Cloud storage service.
10. Open-Source Software
Open-source software allows users to view, modify, and distribute the source code. It promotes collaborative development, often resulting in highly customizable and community-driven projects.
- Linux OS Variants: Popular open-source operating systems like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian.
- Apache HTTP Server: Open-source web server software.
- LibreOffice: Free office suite and alternative to Microsoft Office.
Understanding the different categories of software enhances comprehension of the variety and function of various applications, enabling users to choose the most suitable options for their individual requirements, whether for personal, professional, or educational use.
- Productivity Software: Programs that support business or personal productivity tasks, such as document creation, data analysis, and presentations.
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- Transforming Education with Technology" by Andrew A. Zucker
- Discusses the impact of technology on the education system, providing examples of successful technology integration.
- "The Technology Toolbelt for Teaching" by Susan Manning and Kevin E. Johnson
- A practical guide for educators to effectively use technology in their classrooms.
- "E-Learning and the Science of Instruction" by Ruth C. Clark and Richard E. Mayer
- Provides evidence-based guidance for designing effective e-learning courses.
- "Essentials of Online Course Design: A Standards-Based Guide" by Marjorie Vai and Kristen Sosulski
- Focuses on the design and development of online courses, using LMS and online learning platforms.
- "The Adaptive Learning Revolution" by Peter Smith
- Explores how adaptive learning technologies are transforming education.
- "Learning Analytics: A Practical Guide to Improving Learning using Data" by Niall Sclater
- Discusses the use of data and analytics to support personalized learning.
- "Collaborative Learning 2.0: Open Educational Resources" by Alexandra Okada, Teresa Connolly, and Peter Scott
- Discusses open educational resources and collaborative learning in digital environments.
- "The New Social Learning: A Guide to Transforming Organizations Through Social Media" by Tony Bingham and Marcia Conner
- Offers insights into how social media and digital collaboration tools can be used in educational settings.
- "Mobile Learning: A Handbook for Educators and Trainers" by Mohamed Ally
- Covers the principles and best practices for using mobile technologies in education.
- "The Gamification of Learning and Instruction" by Karl M. Kapp
- Explains how to use gamification in learning environments, including mobile devices.
- "Educational Administration and Technology: The Use of IT in Educational Management" by Maria Teresa Floro
- Examines how IT tools are used for managing educational institutions efficiently.
- "Information Technology and Educational Management in the Knowledge Society" edited by Arthur Tatnall and Javier Osorio
- Focuses on how IT impacts educational management practices globally.
- "Learning Transformed: 8 Keys to Designing Tomorrow's Schools, Today" by Eric C. Sheninger and Thomas C. Murray
- A forward-looking book that explores the impact of emerging technologies on the future of education.
- "Disruptive Classroom Technologies: A Framework for Innovation in Education" by Sonny Magana
- Discusses the framework for integrating disruptive technologies into the classroom, focusing on future trends.
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Lecturer: Dr. Mohammed Djemoui SABER
Email: mohammeddjemoui.saber@univ-msila.dz